Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2031 of 12 November 2019 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for the food, drink and milk industries, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (notified under document C(2019) 7989) (Text with EEA relevance)

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Contents

Preamble
1. Article 1
2. Article 2
ANNEX
ANNEX BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FOOD, DRINK AND MILK INDUSTRIES SCOPE
pt_1
6.4 (b)
pt_2
pt_3
Best Available Techniques
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air
Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water
Other environmental performance levels Specific waste water discharge
1.
1.1.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
1.5. Description
1.7. Description
1.8. Applicability
1.9. Applicability
2.
2.1.
2.1.1. Table 2 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
2.2. Table 3 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
2.3. Table 4 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from grinding and pellet cooling in compound feed manufacture
3.
3.1. Table 5 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
3.2. Table 6 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
3.4. Description Table 7 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from handling and processing of malt and adjuncts
4.
4.1. Table 8 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
4.2. Table 9 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
4.4. Table 10 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from drying
5.
5.1. Description
6.
6.2. Table 11 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from a smoke chamber
7.
7.1. Description Table 12 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
7.2. Table 13 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
8.
8.1. Table 14 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
8.2. Description Table 15 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from grain milling
9.
9.1. Table 16 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
9.2. Table 17 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
9.3. Table 18 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from a smoke chamber
10.
10.1. Description Table 19 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
10.2. Table 20 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
10.3. Table 21 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from handling and preparation of seeds as well as drying and cooling of meal
10.4. Table 22 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for hexane losses from oilseed processing and refining
11.
11.1. Table 23 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
11.2. Table 24 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
12.
12.1. Table 25 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption
12.2. Table 26 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge
12.3. Table 27 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from starch, protein and fibre drying
13.
13.1. Table 28 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption
13.2. Table 29 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge
13.3. Table 30 Table 31 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from beet pulp drying in the case of high-temperature drying (above 500 °C) BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled SOX emissions to air from beet pulp drying in the case of high-temperature drying (above 500 °C) when natural gas is not used
14.

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control), and in particular Article 13(5) thereof,

Whereas:

(1) Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions are the reference for setting permit conditions for installations covered by Chapter II of Directive 2010/75/EU and competent authorities should set emission limit values which ensure that, under normal operating conditions, emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated with the best available techniques as laid down in the BAT conclusions.

(2) The forum composed of representatives of Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, established by Commission Decision of 16 May 2011, provided the Commission on 27 November 2018 with its opinion on the proposed content of the BAT reference document for the food, drink and milk industries. That opinion is publicly available.

(3) The BAT conclusions set out in the Annex to this Decision are the key element of that BAT reference document.

(4) The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee established by Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

Article 1

The best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for the food drink and milk industries, as set out in the Annex, are adopted.

Article 2

This Decision is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Brussels, 12 November 2019. For the Commission Karmenu Vella Member of the Commission

ANNEX

ANNEX BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FOOD, DRINK AND MILK INDUSTRIES SCOPE

These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU: These BAT conclusions also cover: These BAT conclusions do not address the following: Other BAT conclusions and reference documents which could be relevant for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions include the following: These BAT conclusions apply without prejudice to other relevant legislation, e.g. on hygiene or food/feed safety.

pt_1

6.4 (b) Treatment and processing, other than exclusively packaging, of the following raw materials, whether previously processed or unprocessed, intended for the production of food or feed from: Packaging shall not be included in the final weight of the product. This subsection shall not apply where the raw material is milk only.

6.4 (b)

(i) only animal raw materials (other than exclusively milk) with a finished product production capacity greater than 75 tonnes per day;

(ii) only vegetable raw materials with a finished product production capacity greater than 300 tonnes per day or 600 tonnes per day where the installation operates for a period of no more than 90 consecutive days in any year;

(iii) animal and vegetable raw materials, both in combined and separate products, with a finished product production capacity in tonnes per day greater than: where A is the portion of animal material (in percent of weight) of the finished product production capacity.

75 if A is equal to 10 or more; or,

[300 – (22,5 × A)] in any other case,

pt_2

6.4 (c) Treatment and processing of milk only, the quantity of milk received being greater than 200 tonnes per day (average value on an annual basis).

pt_3

6.11 Independently operated treatment of waste water not covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC provided that the main pollutant load originates from activities specified in points 6.4 (b) or (c) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU.

the combined treatment of waste water from different origins provided that the main pollutant load originates from the activities specified in point 6.4 (b) or 6.4 (c) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU and that the waste water treatment is not covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC;

the production of ethanol taking place on an installation covered by the activity description in point 6.4 (b) (ii) of Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU or as a directly associated activity to such an installation.

On-site combustion plants generating hot gases that are not used for direct contact heating, drying or any other treatment of objects or materials. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for Large Combustion Plants (LCP) or by Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

Production of primary products from animal by-products, such as rendering and fat melting, fish-meal and fish oil production, blood processing and gelatine manufacturing. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA).

The making of standard cuts for large animals and cuts for poultry. This may be covered by the BAT conclusions for Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA).

Large Combustion Plants (LCP);

Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA);

Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW);

Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry (LVOC);

Waste Treatment (WT);

Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide (CLM);

Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations (ROM);

Economics and Cross-Media Effects (ECM);

Emissions from Storage (EFS);

Energy Efficiency (ENE);

Industrial Cooling Systems (ICS).

DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply: Term used Definition Biochemical oxygen demand (BODn) Amount of oxygen needed for the biochemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide in n days (n is typically 5 or 7). BOD is an indicator for the mass concentration of biodegradable organic compounds. Channelled emissions Emissions of pollutants into the environment through any kind of duct, pipe, stack, etc. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Amount of oxygen needed for the total chemical oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide using dichromate. COD is an indicator for the mass concentration of organic compounds. Dust Total particulate matter (in air). Existing plant A plant that is not a new plant. Hexane Alkane of six carbon atoms, with the chemical formula C6H14. hl Hectolitre (equal to 100 litres). New plant A plant first permitted at the site of the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions. NOX The sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as NO2. Residue Substance or object generated by the activities covered by the scope of this document, as waste or by-product. SOX The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2), sulphur trioxide (SO3), and sulphuric acid aerosols, expressed as SO2. Sensitive receptor Areas which need special protection, such as: Total nitrogen (TN) Total nitrogen, expressed as N, includes free ammonia and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and organically bound nitrogen. Total organic carbon (TOC) Total organic carbon, expressed as C (in water), includes all organic compounds. Total phosphorus (TP) Total phosphorus, expressed as P, includes all inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds, dissolved or bound to particles. Total suspended solids (TSS) Mass concentration of all suspended solids (in water), measured via filtration through glass fibre filters and gravimetry. Total volatile organic carbon (TVOC) Total volatile organic carbon, expressed as C (in air).

residential areas;

areas where human activities are carried out (e.g. neighbouring workplaces, schools, day-care centres, recreational areas, hospitals or nursing homes).

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Best Available Techniques

The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection. Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions are generally applicable.

Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air

Unless otherwise stated, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations, expressed as mass of emitted substances per volume of waste gas under the following standard conditions: dry gas at a temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa, without correction for oxygen content, and expressed in mg/Nm3. The equation for calculating the emission concentration at the reference oxygen level is: where: ER emission concentration at the reference oxygen level OR; OR reference oxygen level in vol-%; EM measured emission concentration; OM measured oxygen level in vol-%. For averaging periods of BAT-AELs for emissions to air, the following definition applies. Averaging period Definition Average over the sampling period Average value of three consecutive measurements of at least 30 minutes each . When the waste gases of two or more sources (e.g. dryers or kilns) are discharged through a common stack, the BAT-AEL applies to the combined discharge from the stack.

Specific hexane losses

The emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) related to specific hexane losses refer to yearly averages and are calculated using the following equation: where: hexane losses is the total amount of hexane consumed by the installation for each type of seeds or beans, expressed in kg/year; raw materials is the total amount of each type of cleaned seeds or beans processed, expressed in tonnes/year.

Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water

Unless otherwise stated, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations (mass of emitted substances per volume of water), expressed in mg/l. The BAT-AELs expressed as concentrations refer to daily average values, i.e. 24-hour flow-proportional composite samples. Time-proportional composite samples can be used provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated. Alternatively, spot samples may be taken, provided that the effluent is appropriately mixed and homogeneous. In the case of total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), the calculation of the average abatement efficiency referred to in these BAT conclusions (see Table 1) is based on the influent and effluent load of the waste water treatment plant.

Other environmental performance levels Specific waste water discharge

The indicative environmental performance levels related to specific waste water discharge refer to yearly averages and are calculated using the following equation: where: Waste water discharge is the total amount of waste water discharged (as direct discharge, indirect discharge and/or land spreading) by the specific processes concerned during the production period, expressed in m3/year, excluding any cooling water and run-off water that is discharged separately. Activity rate is the total amount of products or raw materials processed, depending on the specific sector, expressed in tonnes/year or hl/year. Packaging is not included in the weight of the product. Raw material is any material entering the plant, treated or processed for the production of food or feed.

Specific energy consumption

The indicative environmental performance levels related to specific energy consumption refer to yearly averages and are calculated using the following equation: where: Final energy consumption is the total amount of energy consumed by the specific processes concerned during the production period (in the form of heat and electricity), expressed in MWh/year. Activity rate is the total amount of products or raw materials processed, depending on the specific sector, expressed in tonnes/year or hl/year. Packaging is not included in the weight of the product. Raw material is any material entering the plant, treated or processed for the production of food or feed.

1. GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS

1.

1.1. Environmental management systems BAT 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to elaborate and implement an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features: Specifically for the food, drink and milk sector, BAT is to also incorporate the following features in the EMS:

1.1.

(i) commitment, leadership, and accountability of the management, including senior management, for the implementation of an effective EMS;

(ii) an analysis that includes the determination of the organisation’s context, the identification of the needs and expectations of interested parties, the identification of characteristics of the installation that are associated with possible risks for the environment (or human health) as well as of the applicable legal requirements relating to the environment;

(iii) development of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the environmental performance of the installation;

(iv) establishing objectives and performance indicators in relation to significant environmental aspects, including safeguarding compliance with applicable legal requirements;

(v) planning and implementing the necessary procedures and actions (including corrective and preventive actions where needed), to achieve the environmental objectives and avoid environmental risks;

(vi) determination of structures, roles and responsibilities in relation to environmental aspects and objectives and provision of the financial and human resources needed;

(vii) ensuring the necessary competence and awareness of staff whose work may affect the environmental performance of the installation (e.g. by providing information and training);

(viii) internal and external communication;

(ix) fostering employee involvement in good environmental management practices;

(x) Establishing and maintaining a management manual and written procedures to control activities with significant environmental impact as well as relevant records;

(xi) effective operational planning and process control;

(xii) implementation of appropriate maintenance programmes;

(xiii) emergency preparedness and response protocols, including the prevention and/or mitigation of the adverse (environmental) impacts of emergency situations;

(xiv) when (re)designing a (new) installation or a part thereof, consideration of its environmental impacts throughout its life, which includes construction, maintenance, operation and decommissioning;

(xv) implementation of a monitoring and measurement programme, if necessary, information can be found in the Reference Report on Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED Installations;

(xvi) application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis;

(xvii) periodic independent (as far as practicable) internal auditing and periodic independent external auditing in order to assess the environmental performance and to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;

(xviii) evaluation of causes of nonconformities, implementation of corrective actions in response to nonconformities, review of the effectiveness of corrective actions, and determination of whether similar nonconformities exist or could potentially occur;

(xix) periodic review, by senior management, of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness;

(xx) following and taking into account the development of cleaner techniques.

(i) noise management plan (see BAT 13);

(ii) odour management plan (see BAT 15);

(iii) inventory of water, energy and raw materials consumption as well as of waste water and waste gas streams (see BAT 2);

(iv) energy efficiency plan (see BAT 6a).

Note

Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council establishes the Union eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), which is an example of an EMS consistent with this BAT.

Applicability

The level of detail and the degree of formalisation of the EMS will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have. BAT 2. In order to increase resource efficiency and to reduce emissions, BAT is to establish, maintain and regularly review (including when a significant change occurs) an inventory of water, energy and raw materials consumption as well as of waste water and waste gas streams, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that incorporates all of the following features:

I.

Information about the food, drink and milk production processes, including:

(a) simplified process flow sheets that show the origin of the emissions;

(b) descriptions of process-integrated techniques and waste water/waste gas treatment techniques to prevent or reduce emissions, including their performance.

II.

Information about water consumption and usage (e.g. flow diagrams and water mass balances), and identification of actions to reduce water consumption and waste water volume (see BAT 7).

III.

Information about the quantity and characteristics of the waste water streams, such as:

(a) average values and variability of flow, pH and temperature;

(b) average concentration and load values of relevant pollutants/parameters (e.g. TOC or COD, nitrogen species, phosphorus, chloride, conductivity) and their variability.

IV.

Information about the characteristics of the waste gas streams, such as:

(a) average values and variability of flow and temperature;

(b) average concentration and load values of relevant pollutants/parameters (e.g. dust, TVOC, CO, NOX, SOX) and their variability;

(c) presence of other substances that may affect the waste gas treatment system or plant safety (e.g. oxygen, water vapour, dust).

V.

Information about energy consumption and usage, the quantity of raw materials used, as well as the quantity and characteristics of residues generated, and identification of actions for continuous improvement of resource efficiency (see for example BAT 6 and BAT 10).

VI.

Identification and implementation of an appropriate monitoring strategy with the aim of increasing resource efficiency, taking into account energy, water and raw materials consumption. Monitoring can include direct measurements, calculations or recording with an appropriate frequency. The monitoring is broken down at the most appropriate level (e.g. at process or plant/installation level).

The level of detail of the inventory will generally be related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.

1.2. Monitoring BAT 3. For relevant emissions to water as identified by the inventory of waste water streams (see BAT 2), BAT is to monitor key process parameters (e.g. continuous monitoring of waste water flow, pH and temperature) at key locations (e.g. at the inlet and/or outlet of the pre-treatment, at the inlet to the final treatment, at the point where the emission leaves the installation). BAT 4. BAT is to monitor emissions to water with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality. Substance/parameter Standard(s) Minimum monitoring frequency Monitoring associated with Chemical oxygen demand (COD) No EN standard available Once every day BAT 12 Total nitrogen (TN) Various EN standards available (e.g. EN 12260, EN ISO 11905-1) Total organic carbon (TOC) EN 1484 Total phosphorus (TP) Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 6878, EN ISO 15681-1 and -2, EN ISO 11885) Total suspended solids (TSS) EN 872 Biochemical oxygen demand (BODn) EN 1899-1 Once every month Chloride (Cl-) Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 10304-1, EN ISO 15682) Once every month — BAT 5. BAT is to monitor channelled emissions to air with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. Substance/Parameter Sector Specific process Standard(s) Minimum monitoring frequency Monitoring associated with Dust Animal feed Drying of green fodder EN 13284-1 Once every three months BAT 17 Grinding and pellet cooling in compound feed manufacture Once every year BAT 17 Extrusion of dry pet food Once every year BAT 17 Brewing Handling and processing of malt and adjuncts Once every year BAT 20 Dairies Drying processes Once every year BAT 23 Grain milling Grain cleaning and milling Once every year BAT 28 Oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining Handling and preparation of seeds, drying and cooling of meal Once every year BAT 31 Starch production Drying of starch, protein and fibre BAT 34 Sugar manufacturing Drying of beet pulp Once every month BAT 36 PM2.5 and PM10 Sugar manufacturing Drying of beet pulp EN ISO 23210 Once every year BAT 36 TVOC Fish and shellfish processing Smoke chambers EN 12619 Once every year BAT 26 Meat processing Smoke chambers BAT 29 Oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining — — Sugar manufacturing High-temperature drying of beet pulp Once every year — NOX Meat processing Smoke chambers EN 14792 Once every year — Sugar manufacturing High-temperature drying of beet pulp CO Meat processing Smoke chambers EN 15058 Sugar manufacturing High-temperature drying of beet pulp SOX Sugar manufacturing Drying of beet pulp when natural gas is not used EN 14791 Twice every year BAT 37

1.3. Energy efficiency BAT 6. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use BAT 6a and an appropriate combination of the common techniques listed in technique b below. Technique Description (a) Energy efficiency plan An energy efficiency plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), entails defining and calculating the specific energy consumption of the activity (or activities), setting key performance indicators on an annual basis (for example for the specific energy consumption) and planning periodic improvement targets and related actions. The plan is adapted to the specificities of the installation. (b) Use of common techniques Common techniques include techniques such as: Further sector-specific techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Sections 2 to 13 of these BAT conclusions.

burner regulation and control;

cogeneration;

energy-efficient motors;

heat recovery with heat exchangers and/or heat pumps (including mechanical vapour recompression);

lighting;

minimising blowdown from the boiler;

optimising steam distribution systems;

preheating feed water (including the use of economisers);

process control systems;

reducing compressed air system leaks;

reducing heat losses by insulation;

variable speed drives;

multiple-effect evaporation;

use of solar energy.

1.4. Water consumption and waste water discharge BAT 7. In order to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged, BAT is to use BAT 7a and one or a combination of the techniques b to k given below. Technique Description Applicability Common techniques (a) Water recycling and/or reuse Recycling and/or reuse of water streams (preceded or not by water treatment), e.g. for cleaning, washing, cooling or for the process itself. May not be applicable due to hygiene and food safety requirements. (b) Optimisation of water flow Use of control devices, e.g. photocells, flow valves, thermostatic valves, to automatically adjust the water flow. (c) Optimisation of water nozzles and hoses Use of correct number and position of nozzles; adjustment of water pressure. (d) Segregation of water streams Water streams that do not need treatment (e.g. uncontaminated cooling water or uncontaminated run-off water) are segregated from waste water that has to undergo treatment, thus enabling uncontaminated water recycling. The segregation of uncontaminated rainwater may not be applicable in the case of existing waste water collection systems. Techniques related to cleaning operations (e) Dry cleaning Removal of as much residual material as possible from raw materials and equipment before they are cleaned with liquids, e.g. by using compressed air, vacuum systems or catchpots with a mesh cover. Generally applicable. (f) Pigging system for pipes Use of a system made of launchers, catchers, compressed air equipment, and a projectile (also referred to as a pig, e.g. made of plastic or ice slurry) to clean out pipes. In-line valves are in place to allow the pig to pass through the pipeline system and to separate the product and the rinsing water. (g) High-pressure cleaning Spraying of water onto the surface to be cleaned at pressures ranging from 15 bar to 150 bar. May not be applicable due to health and safety requirements. (h) Optimisation of chemical dosing and water use in cleaning-in-place (CIP) Optimising the design of CIP and measuring turbidity, conductivity, temperature and/or pH to dose hot water and chemicals in optimised quantities. Generally applicable. (i) Low-pressure foam and/or gel cleaning Use of low-pressure foam and/or gel to clean walls, floors and/or equipment surfaces. (j) Optimised design and construction of equipment and process areas The equipment and process areas are designed and constructed in a way that facilitates cleaning. When optimising the design and construction, hygiene requirements are taken into account. (k) Cleaning of equipment as soon as possible Cleaning is applied as soon as possible after use of equipment to prevent wastes hardening. Further sector-specific techniques to reduce water consumption are given in Section 6.1 of these BAT conclusions.

1.5. Harmful substances BAT 8. In order to prevent or reduce the use of harmful substances, e.g. in cleaning and disinfection, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description (a) Proper selection of cleaning chemicals and/or disinfectants Avoidance or minimisation of the use of cleaning chemicals and/or disinfectants that are harmful to the aquatic environment, in particular priority substances considered under the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council When selecting the substances, hygiene and food safety requirements are taken into account. (b) Reuse of cleaning chemicals in cleaning-in-place (CIP) Collection and reuse of cleaning chemicals in CIP. When reusing cleaning chemicals, hygiene and food safety requirements are taken into account. (c) Dry cleaning See BAT 7e. (d) Optimised design and construction of equipment and process areas See BAT 7j. BAT 9. In order to prevent emissions of ozone-depleting substances and of substances with a high global warming potential from cooling and freezing, BAT is to use refrigerants without ozone depletion potential and with a low global warming potential.

1.5. Description

Suitable refrigerants include water, carbon dioxide or ammonia.

1.6. Resource efficiency BAT 10. In order to increase resource efficiency, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Anaerobic digestion Treatment of biodegradable residues by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, resulting in biogas and digestate. The biogas is used as a fuel, e.g. in a gas engine or in a boiler. The digestate may be used, e.g. as a soil improver. May not be applicable due to the quantity and/or nature of the residues. (b) Use of residues Residues are used, e.g. as animal feed. May not be applicable due to legal requirements. (c) Separation of residues Separation of residues, e.g. using accurately positioned splash protectors, screens, flaps, catchpots, drip trays and troughs. Generally applicable. (d) Recovery and reuse of residues from the pasteuriser Residues from the pasteuriser are fed back to the blending unit and are thereby reused as raw materials. Only applicable to liquid food products. (e) Phosphorus recovery as struvite See BAT 12g. Only applicable to waste water streams with a high total phosphorus content (e.g. above 50 mg/l) and a significant flow. (f) Use of waste water for land spreading After appropriate treatment, waste water is used for land spreading in order to take advantage of the nutrient content and/or to use the water. Only applicable in the case of a proven agronomic benefit, a proven low level of contamination and no negative impact on the environment (e.g. on the soil, the groundwater and surface water). The applicability may be restricted due to the limited availability of suitable land adjacent to the installation. The applicability may be restricted by the soil and local climatic conditions (e.g. in the case of wet or frozen fields) or by legislation. Further sector-specific techniques to reduce waste sent for disposal are given in Sections 3.3, 4.3 and 5.1 of these BAT conclusions.

1.7. Emissions to water BAT 11. In order to prevent uncontrolled emissions to water, BAT is to provide an appropriate buffer storage capacity for waste water.

1.7. Description

The appropriate buffer storage capacity is determined by a risk assessment (taking into account the nature of the pollutant(s), the effects of these pollutants on further waste water treatment, the receiving environment, etc.). The waste water from this buffer storage is discharged after appropriate measures are taken (e.g. monitoring, treatment, reuse).

Applicability Table 1 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for direct emissions to a receiving water body

For existing plants, the technique may not be applicable due to lack of space and/or due to the layout of the waste water collection system. BAT 12. In order to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below. Technique Typical pollutants targeted Applicability Preliminary, primary and general treatment (a) Equalisation All pollutants Generally applicable. (b) Neutralisation Acids, alkalis (c) Physical separation, e.g. screens, sieves, grit separators, oil/fat separators, or primary settlement tanks Gross solids, suspended solids, oil/grease Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary treatment) (d) Aerobic and/or anaerobic treatment (secondary treatment), e.g. activated sludge process, aerobic lagoon, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process, anaerobic contact process, membrane bioreactor Biodegradable organic compounds Generally applicable. Nitrogen removal (e) Nitrification and/or denitrification Total nitrogen, ammonium/ammonia Nitrification may not be applicable in the case of high chloride concentrations (e.g. above 10 g/l). Nitrification may not be applicable when the temperature of the waste water is low (e.g. below 12 °C). (f) Partial nitritation — Anaerobic ammonium oxidation May not be applicable when the temperature of the waste water is low. Phosphorus recovery and/or removal (g) Phosphorus recovery as struvite Total phosphorus Only applicable to waste water streams with a high total phosphorus content (e.g. above 50 mg/l) and a significant flow. (h) Precipitation Generally applicable. (i) Enhanced biological phosphorus removal Final solids removal (j) Coagulation and flocculation Suspended solids Generally applicable. (k) Sedimentation (l) Filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration) (m) Flotation The BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in Table 1 apply to direct emissions to a receiving water body. The BAT-AELs apply at the point where the emission leaves the installation. Parameter BAT-AEL (daily average) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 25-100 mg/l Total suspended solids (TSS) 4-50 mg/l Total nitrogen (TN) 2-20 mg/l Total phosphorus (TP) 0,2-2 mg/l The associated monitoring is given in BAT 4.

1.8. Noise BAT 13. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review a noise management plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:

a protocol containing actions and timelines;

a protocol for conducting noise emissions monitoring;

a protocol for response to identified noise events, e.g. complaints;

a noise reduction programme designed to identify the source(s), to measure/estimate noise and vibration exposure, to characterise the contributions of the sources and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.

1.8. Applicability

BAT 13 is only applicable to cases where a noise nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated. BAT 14. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Appropriate location of equipment and buildings Noise levels can be reduced by increasing the distance between the emitter and the receiver, by using buildings as noise screens and by relocating buildings’ exits or entrances. For existing plants, the relocation of equipment and buildings’ exits or entrances may not be applicable due to lack of space and/or excessive costs. (b) Operational measures These include: Generally applicable. (c) Low-noise equipment This includes low-noise compressors, pumps and fans. (d) Noise control equipment This includes: May not be applicable to existing plants due to lack of space. (e) Noise abatement Inserting obstacles between emitters and receivers (e.g. protection walls, embankments and buildings). Applicable only to existing plants, as the design of new plants should make this technique unnecessary. For existing plants, the insertion of obstacles may not be applicable due to lack of space.

(i) improved inspection and maintenance of equipment;

(ii) closing of doors and windows of enclosed areas, if possible;

(iii) equipment operation by experienced staff;

(iv) avoidance of noisy activities at night, if possible;

(v) provisions for noise control, e.g. during maintenance activities.

(i) noise reducers;

(ii) insulation of equipment;

(iii) enclosure of noisy equipment;

(iv) soundproofing of buildings.

1.9. Odour BAT 15. In order to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce odour emissions, BAT is to set up, implement and regularly review an odour management plan, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), that includes all of the following elements:

A protocol containing actions and timelines.

A protocol for conducting odour monitoring. It may be complemented by measurement/estimation of odour exposure or estimation of odour impact.

A protocol for response to identified odour incidents, e.g. complaints.

An odour prevention and reduction programme designed to identify the source(s); to measure/estimate odour exposure; to characterise the contributions of the sources; and to implement prevention and/or reduction measures.

1.9. Applicability

BAT 15 is only applicable to cases where an odour nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected and/or has been substantiated.

2. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ANIMAL FEED The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to animal feed. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

2.

2.1. Energy efficiency

2.1. 2.1.1. Table 2 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption

Compound feed/Pet food General techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.3 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below. Product Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) Compound feed MWh/tonne of products 0,01-0,10 Dry pet food 0,39-0,50 Wet pet food 0,33-0,85

2.1.2. Green fodder BAT 16. In order to increase energy efficiency in green fodder processing, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Use of predried fodder Use of fodder that has been predried (e.g. by flat pre-wilting). Not applicable in the case of the wet process. (b) Recycling of waste gas from the dryer Injection of the waste gas from the cyclone into the burner of the dryer. Generally applicable. (c) Use of waste heat for predrying The heat of the outlet steam from the high-temperature dryers is used for predrying part or all of the green fodder.

2.2. Table 3 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge

2.3. Table 4 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from grinding and pellet cooling in compound feed manufacture

Emissions to air BAT 17. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a Bag filter See Section 14.2. May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. b Cyclone Generally applicable. Parameter Specific process Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) New plants Existing plants Dust Grinding mg/Nm3 < 2-5 < 2-10 Pellet cooling < 2-20 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

3. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR BREWING The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to brewing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

3.

3.1. Table 5 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption

Energy efficiency BAT 18. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Mashing-in at higher temperatures The mashing-in of the grain is carried out at temperatures of approximately 60 °C, which reduces the use of cold water. May not be applicable due to the product specifications. (b) Decrease of the evaporation rate during wort boiling The evaporation rate can be reduced from 10 % down to approximately 4 % per hour (e.g. by two-phase boiling systems, dynamic low-pressure boiling). (c) Increase of the degree of high-gravity brewing Production of concentrated wort, which reduces its volume and thereby saves energy. Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) MWh/hl of products 0,02-0,05

3.2. Table 6 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge

3.3. Waste BAT 19. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. Technique Description (a) Recovery and (re)use of yeast after fermentation After fermentation, yeast is collected and can be partially reused in the fermentation process and/or may be further used for multiple purposes, e.g. as animal feed, in the pharmaceutical industry, as a food ingredient, in an anaerobic waste water treatment plant for biogas production. (b) Recovery and (re)use of natural filter material After chemical, enzymatic or thermal treatment, natural filter material (e.g. diatomaceous earth) may be partially reused in the filtration process. Natural filter material can also be used, e.g. as a soil improver.

3.4. Emissions to air BAT 20. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use a bag filter or both a cyclone and a bag filter.

3.4. Description Table 7 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from handling and processing of malt and adjuncts

See Section 14.2. Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) New plants Existing plants Dust mg/Nm3 < 2-5 < 2-10 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

4. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR DAIRIES The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to dairies. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

4.

4.1. Table 8 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption

Energy efficiency BAT 21. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below. Technique Description (a) Partial milk homogenisation The cream is homogenised together with a small proportion of skimmed milk. The size of the homogeniser can be significantly reduced, leading to energy savings. (b) Energy-efficient homogeniser The homogeniser’s working pressure is reduced through optimised design and thus the associated electrical energy needed to drive the system is also reduced. (c) Use of continuous pasteurisers Flow-through heat exchangers are used (e.g. tubular, plate and frame). The pasteurisation time is much shorter than that of batch systems. (d) Regenerative heat exchange in pasteurisation The incoming milk is preheated by the hot milk leaving the pasteurisation section. (e) Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) processing of milk without intermediate pasteurisation UHT milk is produced in one step from raw milk, thus avoiding the energy needed for pasteurisation. (f) Multi-stage drying in powder production A spray-drying process is used in combination with a downstream dryer, e.g. fluidised bed dryer. (g) Precooling of ice-water When ice-water is used, the returning ice-water is precooled (e.g. with a plate heat exchanger), prior to final cooling in an accumulating ice-water tank with a coil evaporator. Main product (at least 80 % of the production) Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) Market milk MWh/tonne of raw materials 0,1-0,6 Cheese 0,10-0,22 Powder 0,2-0,5 Fermented milk 0,2-1,6

4.2. Table 9 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge

Water consumption and waste water discharge General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below. Main product (at least 80 % of the production) Unit Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) Market milk m3/tonne of raw materials 0,3-3,0 Cheese 0,75-2,5 Powder 1,2-2,7

4.3. Waste BAT 22. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Techniques related to the use of centrifuges (a) Optimised operation of centrifuges Operation of centrifuges according to their specifications to minimise the rejection of product. Techniques related to butter production (b) Rinsing of the cream heater with skimmed milk or water Rinsing of the cream heater with skimmed milk or water which is then recovered and reused, before the cleaning operations. Techniques related to ice cream production (c) Continuous freezing of ice cream Continuous freezing of ice cream using optimised start-up procedures and control loops that reduce the frequency of stoppages. Techniques related to cheese production (d) Minimisation of the generation of acid whey Whey from the manufacture of acid-type cheeses (e.g. cottage cheese, quark and mozzarella) is processed as quickly as possible to reduce the formation of lactic acid. (e) Recovery and use of whey Whey is recovered (if necessary using techniques such as evaporation or membrane filtration) and used, e.g. to produce whey powder, demineralised whey powder, whey protein concentrates or lactose. Whey and whey concentrates can also be used as animal feed or as a carbon source in a biogas plant.

4.4. Table 10 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from drying

Emissions to air BAT 23. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air from drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Bag filter See Section 14.2. May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. (b) Cyclone Generally applicable. (c) Wet scrubber Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) Dust mg/Nm3 < 2-10 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

5. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION The BAT conclusion presented in this section applies to ethanol production. It applies in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

5.

5.1. Waste BAT 24. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal, BAT is to recover and (re)use yeast after fermentation.

5.1. Description

See BAT 19a. The yeast may not be recovered when the stillage is used as animal feed.

6. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR FISH AND SHELLFISH PROCESSING The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to fish and shellfish processing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

6.

6.1. Water consumption and waste water discharge BAT 25. In order to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 7 and of the techniques given below. Technique Description (a) Removal of fat and viscera by vacuum Use of vacuum suction instead of water to remove fat and viscera from the fish. (b) Dry transport of fat, viscera, skin and fillets Use of conveyors instead of water.

6.2. Table 11 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from a smoke chamber

Emissions to air BAT 26. In order to reduce channelled emissions of organic compounds to air from fish smoking, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description (a) Biofilter The waste gas stream is passed through a bed of organic material (such as peat, heather, root, tree bark, compost, softwood and different kinds of combinations) or some inert material (such as clay, activated carbon, and polyurethane), where organic (and some inorganic) components are transformed by naturally occurring microorganisms into carbon dioxide, water, other metabolites and biomass. (b) Thermal oxidation See Section 14.2. (c) Non-thermal plasma treatment (d) Wet scrubber See Section 14.2. An electrostatic precipitator is commonly used as a pre-treatment step. (e) Use of purified smoke Smoke generated from purified primary smoke condensates is used to smoke the product in a smoke chamber. Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) TVOC mg/Nm3 15–50 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

7. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SECTOR The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the fruit and vegetable sector. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

7.

7.1. Energy efficiency BAT 27. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and to cool fruit and vegetables before deep freezing.

7.1. Description Table 12 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption

The temperature of the fruit and vegetables is lowered to around 4 °C before they enter the freezing tunnel by bringing them into direct or indirect contact with cold water or cooling air. Water can be removed from the food and then collected for reuse in the cooling process. Specific process Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) Potato processing (excluding starch production) MWh/tonne of products 1,0-2,1 Tomato processing 0,15-2,4

7.2. Table 13 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge

Water consumption and waste water discharge General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below. Specific process Unit Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) Potato processing (excluding starch production) m3/tonne of products 4,0-6,0 Tomato processing when water recycling is possible 8,0-10,0

8. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR GRAIN MILLING The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to grain milling. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

8.

8.1. Table 14 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption

Energy efficiency General techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.3 of these BAT conclusions. The indicative environmental performance level is presented in the table below. Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) MWh/tonne of products 0,05-0,13

8.2. Emissions to air BAT 28. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use a bag filter.

8.2. Description Table 15 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from grain milling

See Section 14.2. Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) Dust mg/Nm3 < 2-5 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

9. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR MEAT PROCESSING The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to meat processing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

9.

9.1. Table 16 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption

9.2. Table 17 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge

9.3. Table 18 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled TVOC emissions to air from a smoke chamber

Emissions to air BAT 29. In order to reduce channelled emissions of organic compounds to air from meat smoking, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description (a) Adsorption Organic compounds are removed from a waste gas stream by retention on a solid surface (typically activated carbon). (b) Thermal oxidation See Section 14.2. (c) Wet scrubber See Section 14.2. An electrostatic precipitator is commonly used as a pretreatment step. (d) Use of purified smoke Smoke generated from purified primary smoke condensates is used to smoke the product in a smoke chamber. Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) TVOC mg/Nm3 3-50 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

10. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR OILSEED PROCESSING AND VEGETABLE OIL REFINING The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to oilseed processing and vegetable oil refining. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

10.

10.1. Energy efficiency BAT 30. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and to generate an auxiliary vacuum.

10.1. Description Table 19 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption

The auxiliary vacuum used for oil drying, oil degassing or minimisation of oil oxidation is generated by pumps, steam injectors, etc. The vacuum reduces the amount of thermal energy needed for these process steps. Specific process Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) Integrated crushing and refining of rapeseeds and/or sunflower seeds MWh/tonne of oil produced 0,45-1,05 Integrated crushing and refining of soybeans 0,65-1,65 Stand-alone refining 0,1-0,45

10.2. Table 20 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge

Water consumption and waste water discharge General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below. Specific process Unit Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) Integrated crushing and refining of rapeseeds and/or sunflower seeds m3/tonne of oil produced 0,15-0,75 Integrated crushing and refining of soybeans 0,8-1,9 Stand-alone refining 0,15-0,9

10.3. Table 21 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from handling and preparation of seeds as well as drying and cooling of meal

Emissions to air BAT 31. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Bag filter See Section 14.2. May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. (b) Cyclone Generally applicable. (c) Wet scrubber Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) New plants Existing plants Dust mg/Nm3 < 2-5 < 2-10 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

10.4. Table 22 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for hexane losses from oilseed processing and refining

Hexane losses BAT 32. In order to reduce the hexane losses from oilseed processing and refining, BAT is to use all of the techniques given below. Technique Description (a) Countercurrent flow of meal and steam in the desolventiser-toaster Hexane is removed from the hexane-laden meal in a desolventiser-toaster, involving a countercurrent flow of steam and meal. (b) Evaporation from the oil/hexane mixture Hexane is removed from the oil/hexane mixture using evaporators. The vapours from the desolventiser-toaster (steam/hexane mixture) are used to provide thermal energy in the first stage of the evaporation. (c) Condensation in combination with a mineral oil wet scrubber Hexane vapours are cooled to below their dew point so that they condense. Uncondensed hexane is absorbed in a scrubber using mineral oil as a scrubbing liquid for subsequent recovery. (d) Gravitational phase separation in combination with distillation Undissolved hexane is separated from the aqueous phase by means of a gravitational phase separator. Any residual hexane is distilled off by heating the aqueous phase to approximately 80-95 °C. Parameter Type of seeds or beans processed Unit BAT-AEL (yearly average) Hexane losses Soybeans kg/tonne of seeds or beans processed 0,3-0,55 Rapeseeds and sunflower seeds 0,2-0,7

11. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR SOFT DRINKS AND NECTAR/JUICE MADE FROM PROCESSED FRUIT AND VEGETABLES The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to soft drinks and nectar/juice made from processed fruit and vegetables. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

11.

11.1. Table 23 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption

Energy efficiency BAT 33. In order to increase energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Single pasteuriser for nectar/juice production Use of one pasteuriser for both the juice and the pulp instead of using two separate pasteurisers. May not be applicable due to the pulp particle size. (b) Hydraulic sugar transportation Sugar is transported to the production process with water. As some of the sugar is already dissolved during the transportation, less energy is needed in the process for dissolving sugar. Generally applicable. (c) Energy-efficient homogeniser for nectar/juice production See BAT 21b. Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) MWh/hl of products 0,01-0,035

11.2. Table 24 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge

12. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR STARCH PRODUCTION The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to starch production. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

12.

12.1. Table 25 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific energy consumption

Energy efficiency General techniques to increase energy efficiency are given in Section 1.3 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below. Specific process Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) Potato processing for the production of native starch only MWh/tonne of raw materials 0,08-0,14 Maize and/or wheat processing for the production of native starch in combination with modified and/or hydrolysed starch 0,65-1,25

12.2. Table 26 Indicative environmental performance levels for specific waste water discharge

Water consumption and waste water discharge General techniques to reduce water consumption and the volume of waste water discharged are given in Section 1.4 of these BAT conclusions. Indicative environmental performance levels are presented in the table below. Specific process Unit Specific waste water discharge (yearly average) Potato processing for the production of native starch only m3/tonne of raw materials 0,4-1,15 Maize and/or wheat processing for the production of native starch in combination with modified and/or hydrolysed starch 1,1-3,9

12.3. Table 27 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for channelled dust emissions to air from starch, protein and fibre drying

Emissions to air BAT 34. In order to reduce channelled dust emissions to air from starch, protein and fibre drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Bag filter See Section 14.2. May not be applicable to the abatement of sticky dust. (b) Cyclone Generally applicable. (c) Wet scrubber Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) New plants Existing plants Dust mg/Nm3 < 2-5 < 2-10 The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

13. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR SUGAR MANUFACTURING The BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to sugar manufacturing. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

13.

13.1. Table 28 Indicative environmental performance level for specific energy consumption

Energy efficiency BAT 35. In order to increase the energy efficiency, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques specified in BAT 6 and one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Pressing of beet pulp The beet pulp is pressed to a dry matter content of typically 25-32 wt-%. Generally applicable. (b) Indirect drying (steam drying) of beet pulp Drying of beet pulp by the use of superheated steam. May not be applicable to existing plants due to the need for a complete reconstruction of the energy facilities. (c) Solar drying of beet pulp Use of solar energy to dry beet pulp. May not be applicable due to local climatic conditions and/or lack of space. (d) Recycling of hot gases Recycling of hot gases (e.g. waste gases from the dryer, boiler or combined heat and power plant). Generally applicable. (e) Low-temperature (pre)drying of beet pulp Direct (pre)drying of beet pulp using drying gas, e.g. air or hot gas. Specific process Unit Specific energy consumption (yearly average) Sugar beet processing MWh/tonne of beets 0,15-0,40

13.2. Table 29 Indicative environmental performance level for specific waste water discharge

13.3. Table 30 Table 31 BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled dust emissions to air from beet pulp drying in the case of high-temperature drying (above 500 °C) BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for channelled SOX emissions to air from beet pulp drying in the case of high-temperature drying (above 500 °C) when natural gas is not used

Emissions to air BAT 36. In order to prevent or reduce channelled dust emissions to air from beet pulp drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Use of gaseous fuels See Section 14.2. May not be applicable due to the constraints associated with the availability of gaseous fuels. (b) Cyclone Generally applicable. (c) Wet scrubber (d) Indirect drying (steam drying) of beet pulp See BAT 35b. May not be applicable to existing plants due to the need for a complete reconstruction of the energy facilities. (e) Solar drying of beet pulp See BAT 35c. May not be applicable due to local climatic conditions and/or lack of space. (f) Low-temperature (pre)drying of beet pulp See BAT 35e. Generally applicable. Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) Reference oxygen level (OR) Reference gas condition Dust mg/Nm3 5-100 16 vol-% No correction for water content The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5. BAT 37. In order to reduce channelled SOX emissions to air from high-temperature beet pulp drying (above 500 °C), BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability (a) Use of natural gas — May not be applicable due to the constraints associated with the availability of natural gas. (b) Wet scrubber See Section 14.2. Generally applicable. (c) Use of fuels with low sulphur content — Only applicable when natural gas is not available. Parameter Unit BAT-AEL (average over the sampling period) Reference oxygen level (OR) Reference gas condition SOX mg/Nm3 30-100 16 vol-% No correction for water content The associated monitoring is given in BAT 5.

14. DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES

14.

14.1. Emissions to water Technique Description Activated sludge process A biological process in which the microorganisms are maintained in suspension in the waste water and the whole mixture is mechanically aerated. The activated sludge mixture is sent to a separation facility from where the sludge is recycled to the aeration tank. Aerobic lagoon Shallow earthen basins for the biological treatment of waste water, the content of which is periodically mixed to allow oxygen to enter the liquid through atmospheric diffusion. Anaerobic contact process An anaerobic process in which waste water is mixed with recycled sludge and then digested in a sealed reactor. The water/sludge mixture is separated externally. Precipitation The conversion of dissolved pollutants into insoluble compounds by adding chemical precipitants. The solid precipitates formed are subsequently separated by sedimentation, air flotation, or filtration. Multivalent metal ions (e.g. calcium, aluminium, iron) are used for phosphorus precipitation. Coagulation and flocculation Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate suspended solids from waste water and are often carried out in successive steps. Coagulation is carried out by adding coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended solids. Flocculation is carried out by adding polymers, so that collisions of microfloc particles cause them to bond to produce larger flocs. Equalisation Balancing of flows and pollutant loads by using tanks or other management techniques. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal A combination of aerobic and anaerobic treatment to selectively enrich polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms in the bacterial community within the activated sludge. These microorganisms take up more phosphorus than is required for normal growth. Filtration The separation of solids from waste water by passing it through a porous medium, e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Flotation The separation of solid or liquid particles from waste water by attaching them to fine gas bubbles, usually air. The buoyant particles accumulate at the water surface and are collected with skimmers. Membrane bioreactor A combination of activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration. Two variants are used: a) an external recirculation loop between the activated sludge tank and the membrane module; and b) immersion of the membrane module in the aerated activated sludge tank, where the effluent is filtered through a hollow fibre membrane, with the biomass remaining in the tank. Neutralisation The adjustment of the pH of waste water to a neutral level (approximately 7) by the addition of chemicals. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is generally used to increase the pH, whereas sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or carbon dioxide (CO2) is generally used to decrease the pH. The precipitation of some substances may occur during neutralisation. Nitrification and/or denitrification A two-step process that is typically incorporated into biological waste water treatment plants. The first step is the aerobic nitrification where microorganisms oxidise ammonium (NH4+) to the intermediate nitrite (NO2-), which is then further oxidised to nitrate (NO3-). In the subsequent anoxic denitrification step, microorganisms chemically reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas. Partial nitritation — Anaerobic ammonium oxidation A biological process that converts ammonium and nitrite into nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions. In waste water treatment, anaerobic ammonium oxidation is preceded by a partial nitrification (i.e. nitritation) that converts about half of the ammonium (NH4+) into nitrite (NO2-). Phosphorus recovery as struvite Phosphorus is recovered by precipitation in the form of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). Sedimentation The separation of suspended particles by gravitational settling. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process An anaerobic process in which waste water is introduced at the bottom of the reactor from where it flows upward through a sludge blanket composed of biologically formed granules or particles. The waste water phase passes into a settling chamber where the solid content is separated; the gases are collected in domes at the top of the reactor.

14.2. Emissions to air Technique Description Bag filter Bag filters, often referred to as fabric filters, are constructed from porous woven or felted fabric through which gases are passed to remove particles. The use of a bag filter requires the selection of a fabric suitable for the characteristics of the waste gas and the maximum operating temperature. Cyclone Dust control system based on centrifugal force, whereby heavier particles are separated from the carrier gas. Non-thermal plasma treatment Abatement technique based on creating a plasma (i.e. an ionised gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in more or less no overall electric charge) in the waste gas by using a strong electrical field. The plasma oxidises organic and inorganic compounds. Thermal oxidation The oxidation of combustible gases and odorants in a waste gas stream by heating the mixture of contaminants with air or oxygen to above its auto-ignition point in a combustion chamber and maintaining it at a high temperature long enough to complete its combustion to carbon dioxide and water. Use of gaseous fuels Switching from the combustion of a solid fuel (e.g. coal) to the combustion of a gaseous fuel (e.g. natural gas, biogas) that is less harmful in terms of emissions (e.g. low sulphur content, low ash content or better ash quality). Wet scrubber The removal of gaseous or particulate pollutants from a gas stream via mass transfer to a liquid solvent, often water or an aqueous solution. It may involve a chemical reaction (e.g. in an acid or alkaline scrubber). In some cases, the compounds may be recovered from the solvent.

Versions

2019-11-12